News Lesson

News Lesson

Question 3 will be a question on how contexts impact production/distribution/circulation and consumption in the newspaper industry using examples from the two case studies.

Contexts

Macro - The ownership of UK newspapers is considered to be an oligopoly, due to the fact that three companies (DMGT, Reach PLC, News Corporation) own 80% of the UK newspaper market. The job of the press is to be the fourth estate, meaning that it must hold powerful institutions including politicians to account; they must reflect what is going on behind closed doors. The Leveson inquiry occurred as a result of the phone hacking scandal and investigated the practices of the British press.

Economic - The newspaper industry is in decline, and faces increase competition from online news and how to monetise it in a digital age. Print revenues are falling and internet platforms monopolise the profits from online advertising. They have had to invest and adapt to compete with changing expectations of audiences.

Political - The press if the fourth estate and underpins democracy and holds the powerful to account. Our social system is capitalist which is why the newspaper industry is an oligopoly. This is why it needs to be regulated to ensure plurality.

Regulatory - Following the Leveson inquiry, two main regulators uphold press standards, these being IMPRESS and IPSO. Close relationships between press and politicians were criticised by the Leveson inquiry. The guardian have not signed up to either regulators as they claim that they are flawed; they have set up their own regulating body.

Cultural/Historical - Papers are a British cultural tradition and have been migrating online since the 1980s. This cultural shifts means that audiences prefer online media and have new expectations of entertainment. Newspapers are a part of our common cultural life, and their ownership is concentration into a few hands which means that they are able to enforce cultural norms and viewpoints.

Social - Social contexts refers to the ways which audiences consume, interact with and pay for news have changed. News reflects what is happening in society and reflects current social concerns.

Leveson Inquiry/Phone hacking scandal

The News of the World newspaper was closed by Rupert Murdoch, read by 5 million people, due to the fact that the phone of a murdered British girl was hacked into and the paper accessed her voicemails. Victims of the 7/7 London attacks were also targeted, along with relatives of British soldiers killed in Iraq and Afghanistan. Following this David Cameron, the Prime Minister at the time, launched two inquires into the phone hacking scandal and newspaper ethics. Andy Coulson was hired by him to help with these inquires and was the previous editor for News of the World; he was arrested in 2011. 

It led to the arrest of journalists and editors to be questioned in Parliament, and caused Rupert Murdoch to come under fire. A jury decided that investigators, reporters and Andy Coulson all broke the law. Phone hacking began in the 90s and journalists realised that people didn't change their PIN codes, so they guessed them and listened to private messages. Senior staff reportedly demanded personal phone numbers of people that journalists interviewed, suspected to be in relation to the scandal.

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